<p>The Pensacola Historic District  is a USA historic district  located in Pensacola, Florida. It contains 20 historic buildings and 2 structures.</p><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by Bayfront Parkway, Tarragona, Romana and Cevallos Streets. Within the district are the Historic Pensacola Village, the T.T. Wentworth Jr. Florida State Museum and Seville Square. Seville Square is the center of the old settlement of Pensacola by the Spanish after several unsuccessful attempts beginning in 1559. This was the earliest known attempt at European settlement on the North American continent. Seville Square and its twin, Plaza Ferdinand VII, were the parade grounds for the Fort of Pensacola established during British rule.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1960s a group of local preservationists led by Pensacolian Mary Turner Rule (née Reed) formed the Pensacola Heritage Foundation, joined the National Trust, created the Seville Square Historic District, the neighborhood around Seville Square that was on Pensacola Bay, the first permanent settlement of the area. Realizing the importance of Pensacolas history and the need to save it, Rule and the Heritage Foundation had the Seville Square Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places and immediately purchased the important Dorr House on the square, restoring it with their own labor starting the preservation movement. They convinced the city to bring the deteriorated square to its present-day restored state. Then they created a festival, a hometown Victorian picnic in the park, An Evening in Old Seville Square, to bring Pensacolians to the district encouraging restoration. Rule had the famous lighthouse at the Navy Air Station listed on the National Register. She also helped create a state board now called the N.W. Florida Preservation Board, whose function is to protect the Seville Square Historic District and Pensacolas history. The city established the Architecture Review board to protect Pensacola&#39;s history locally.</p><br>
<p>Petaloudes  is a former municipality on the island of Rhodes, in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is a municipal unit. Its population was 14,962 in 2011. It includes the villages of Kremasti, Paradisi, Theologos , Damatria, Maritsa, and Pastida. The seat of the municipality was in Kremasti. The land area is 89.150 km².</p><br>
<p>The Petaloudes Valley (sometimes known as Valley of the Butterflies) is home to thousands of the Rhodes subspecies of the Jersey Tiger Moth (Euplagia quadripunctaria rhodosensis) that cover the entire landscape after the wet season (late May) due to the high humidity in the area. The Oriental Sweetgum trees in Petaloudes Valley give off a scent that attracts the moths and creates a unique biotope. Owing to the increased number of visitors, the Euplagia are facing population issues as they have no stomach and when disturbed tend to fly frequently and thus deplete their energy.</p><br>
<p>Cuciurgan Reservoir  is a large water reservoir, built on Kuchurhan River on the state border between Ukraine and Moldova.</p><br>
<p>The lake is located in the south-eastern part of Transnistria, on the border with the Odessa Oblast of Ukraine and its water resources are shared between the two countries. It was created by damming the Kuchurhan River just north of where it flows into the Dniester. The reservoir is 20 km long and has a width of 3 km at the side of the dam. It has a total water surface area of 27.2 square kilometers. Before construction of the dam, there was already a liman in the southern part of the Kuchurhan river valley.</p><br>
<p>Lake Cuciurgani is a popular resort area for the inhabitants of nearby Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria. The fossil fuel burning power station at Dnestrovsc utilizes water from the reservoir. There is no hydroelectric power plant associated with the dam.</p><br>
<p>Olympos  is a village and a former community on the island of Karpathos, in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Karpathos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the northern part of the island. Population 556 . The municipal unit includes Saria Island and the uninhabited islets of Astakída, Atsakidópoúlo, Divoúnia, and Chamilí. The total land area of the community is 104.876 km².</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In antiquity in this place there was the Doric city Vrykous or Vrycous. Vrykous was one of the three ancient cities of Karpathos. It was located near the village Avlona. Today a small part of the city and the walls are preserved as well as some ruins from graves and three old Christian churches. The city of Vrykous was kept until the 7th or 8th century. Then the residents sought refuge in more mountainous areas on account of Saracen pirates. The refugees from Vrykous founded Olympos possibly in those years. Olympos was named after the mountain where it is built. The name of the village is feminine (Η Όλυμπος/I Olympos) contrary to the name of the mountain that is masculine (Ό Όλυμπος/O Olympos). The name Elympos (Έλυμπος) is used, mainly by local villagers. The villagers of Olympos kept the local dialect and the traditional costume due to the isolation of this place from the rest of Karpathos. The traditional style of the village attracts many tourists nowadays.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Yannis Philippakis, frontman of the British indie band Foals</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Vlašić is a mountain in the very center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its highest peak is Paljenik with an elevation of 1,943 m. It is famous for its pastures, cattle-breeding and cheese. It is closest to the town of Travnik, which it overlooks.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The average winter temperature is 1 °C (29 °F) while the average summer temperature is 14.2 °C (60.8 °F). In the wintertime snowfall is abundant with an average snow coverage of up to 5 months in accumilation between 1.5-2.1 meters.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The toponym is derived from vlasi, "Vlachs", a transhumant people. Academics like Mark Vego believe that the Vlachs, remnant of the Roman Empire, brought one of the trademarks of Vlašić, the Vlašić cheese, in around 1000. It is originally made from fresh sheep milk, but also cow milk, and then left to ripen for two to three months. By perfecting the recipe, the Vlachs passed on the tradition to the cattle breeders from the surrounding mountains. Today, the cheese is produced throughout the area and is regarded one of the traditions of the region. In addition to the cheese, there are two other trademarks, the Tornjak dog and Pramenka sheep. The Tornjak is believed to have existed for more than a millennia, bred to guard from wolves and bears. Its etymology is connected to Neo-Latin torni acca, "turn here".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was an operational site of the World War II in Yugoslavia.</p><br>
<p>During the Bosnian War, it was held by the Bosnian Serb army (VRS). It was tactically important, overlooking Travnik which was held by the Bosnian Muslim army (ARBiH). The 7th Muslim Brigade attacked the mountain in May 1994. It was taken over by the ARBiH sometime before the Dayton Agreement, and subsequently incorporated into the Federation of B&H.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is a major center for winter tourism due to its excellent accommodation for skiing, snowboarding and other winter sports. It is also a popular destination for summer and eco tourism with many hiking trails and undisturbed wilderness areas.</p><br>
<p>Old Newgate Prison is a former prison and mine site on Newgate Road in East Granby, Connecticut. It is now operated by the state of Connecticut as the Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine Archaeological Preserve. Previously open to the public, it is closed for restoration with an estimated re-opening date in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The site includes a colonial-era copper mine, and the remains of the state&#39;s first official prison, which was used between 1776 and 1782 to house prisoners of war from the American Revolutionary War. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>State records indicate that copper was discovered at this site on the west side of Talcott Mountain, then part of Simsbury, in 1705. A mine was in operation in 1707, created by digging a vertical shaft and tunneling horizontally, with additional vertical shafts dug for ventilation. The mine operated until 1745.</p><br>
<p>The Colony of Connecticut then converted the tunnel network into a prison, naming it after London&#39;s Newgate Prison. During the American Revolutionary War, the prison was used to house Loyalists who fought against independence, as well as British prisoners of war. During this time the holding areas in the mines became known as "Hell", and the prisoners were employed as miners (although this turned out to be unprofitable).</p><br>
<p>In 1790 it became a state prison, the first such in America. Most of the above-ground facilities present today were built between then and 1802. These include the main prison wall, and five brick-and-masonry buildings, all of which now stand in ruins. In 1827, the remaining prisoners were transferred to the new, "state-of-the-art" Wethersfield State Prison. Attempts were made to reactivate the mines in the 1830s and 1850s, but these ventures failed. The site has been considered a tourist attraction since the 1860s. Nearby Peak Mountain offers a bird&#39;s eye view of Old Newgate Prison from the Metacomet Trail.</p><br>
<p>The mine complex was acquired by the state historic commission in 1968. In the 1970s the state rehabilitated the old guardhouse for use as a visitors center and interpretive museum, and took other steps to stabilize the ruins. They also constructed a sloping tunnel to provide visitors access via stairs to the mines. The museum and grounds are, as of late 2014, closed to the public for restoration.</p><br>
<p>Old Newgate Prison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and was designated a National Historic Landmark two years later. The site is now owned and administered by the State of Connecticut as a museum.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 an episode of Treasure Hunters sent the contestants to the prison.</p><br>
<p>Kyprinos  is a town and a former municipality in the Evros regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Orestiada, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 135.976 km. In 2011 its population was 806 for the village and 2,226 for the municipal unit. Kyprinos is located southwest of Edirne, Turkey, west-northwest of Orestiada, north of Alexandroupoli and about 5 to 6 km east of Kurdzhali and the Bulgarian frontier, where there is a border crossing. Athens is approximately 1,050 km to the southwest. Komara is on the other side of the river Ardas.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>The Turkish name of Kyprinos was at first "Simavna", after "Sarihadir". Kyprinos was once called "Sarihadir" what means "yellow Hadir". Hadir is Hidir who was an Islamic religious figure. His holiday was celebrated at the same day the Greek Christian Saint St. Georges holiday was celebrated (April, 23rd). St. George was and still is the guardian Saint of the village Kyprinos and also its church name-giver. So the Turkish just interpreted Kyprinos as the village with the yellow church -which indeed was made out of yellow stones- meaning St. George, whom they considered to be something like the religious person whom they knew as Hadir. The church is still there down in the valley and can be visited at any time. When the great flood of the 1920s destroyed every house of the village which at that time was also located in the valley not a single building resisted its power except for that church.</p><br>
<p>The Greek name "Kyprinos" means "carp". It is not clear whether that name was given to the village because of the carps found in the nearby Ardas river or for some other reasons.</p><br>
<p>The name is rendered in Bulgarian as Саръхадър, Saryhadyr.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Kyprinos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Kyprinos (Kyprinos, Galini)</p><br>
<p>Fylakio (Fylakio, Keramos, Ammovouno)</p><br>
<p>Zoni (Zoni, Chelidona, Mikra Doxipara)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Logo and seal</h2><br>
<p>Its logo contains a beautiful blue sky with its setting sun with a forested mountain and hills and foothills. In the middle is the river Arda written in the Greek alphabet, also a swan and two fishes are in the water which is mainly its reservoir. Its rim is coloured yellow and reflects the colour gold. Its Greek form of the municipality is at the bottom along with the Delta-Kappa letter and the founding year. The Greek word for welcome (Kalos Irthate) is at the bottom as well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The villages of and around Kyprinos are assumed to have been there for many centuries and what can certainly be said is that in the documents of the late 18th century found in different archives, both Greek and Turkish, Kyprinos itself and most of the nearby villages are already mentioned. Even though it is not clear when the first ones were founded since historical sources are rare and barely explicit.</p><br>
<p>However, there is evidence that in the Ancient world there already were settlements in that area. Excavations near the village of Mikri Doxipara - Zoni have brought interesting pieces of ancient Thracian culture (Thrace) into the light. The Tombs found in that place (8 km from Kyprinos, between Zoni and Mikri Doxipara) are estimated to be from the 1st or 2nd century AD.</p><br>
<p>Sheikh Bedreddin (1359–1420), also known as Sheikh Bedreddin, was born in Kyprinos, son of a local g(h)azi (warrior), whose name was Israel. He was a famous Sufi teacher and a rebel against the Ottoman central rule.</p><br>
<p>The modern municipality was founded in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>The river of Ardas</h2><br>
<p>The river of Ardas, after a distance of 216 km from its original source in the mountains of Rhodope enters the Kyprinos territory on the border to Bulgaria close to the village of Galini and reaches from there to the river Evros (Maritsa), flowing along Kyprinos and Filakio.</p><br>
<p>The Ardas river composes an important ecosystem for that area and its forest which is growing corresponding to its river bed. It is a biotope of crucial importance on a regional as well as on a national level.</p><br>
<p>There is a reservoir dam, the Kyprinos Dam, built in 1969 approximately 8 km from Kyprinos of 350 meters width providing resident farmers with water.</p><br>
<h2>City-Partnership</h2><br>
<p>Kyprinos is the Partner-City of Bulgarian Ivaylovgrad</p><br>
<p>Metaxades  is a town and a former municipality in the Evros regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Didymoteicho, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 211.238 km. In 2011 its population was 687 for the village, 717 for the community and 3,415 for the municipality.</p><br>
<p>Metaxades is located in the northern part of the Evros regional unit, on the border with Bulgaria (Ivaylovgrad municipality). The river Erythropotamos flows through the municipal unit. Kyprinos lies to the north, and Didymoteicho to the east. The Greek National Road 53 (Alexandroupoli - Mega Dereio - Kyprinos - Ormenio) runs through Metaxades.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Metaxades is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Metaxades (Metaxades, Avdella)</p><br>
<p>Alepochori (Alepochori, Polia)</p><br>
<p>Asproneri (Asproneri, Giatrades)</p><br>
<p>Vrysika (Vrysika, Savra)</p><br>
<p>Doxa</p><br>
<p>Elafochori (Elafochori, Chionades, Vrysi)</p><br>
<p>Ladi</p><br>
<p>Paliouri</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before 1913 the area of Metaxades was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. It was known as Tokmakköy during Ottoman rule. After a brief period of Bulgarian rule between 1913 and 1919, it became part of Greece. As a result its Bulgarian and Turkish population was exchanged with Greek refugees, mainly from today&#39;s Turkey.</p><br>
<p>McKean Island is a small, uninhabited island in the Phoenix Islands, Republic of Kiribati.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 3&deg;36&prime;S latitude, 174&deg;07&prime;W longitude. Its area is 57 hectare.</p><br>
<p>Kiribati declared the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The 164,200-square-mile (425,300-square-kilometer) marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including McKean Island.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>McKean is roughly oval in shape, and less than one kilometre in diameter. It is ringed by a reef flat, with a beach ridge of coral rock and rubble surrounding the rim, rising to five metres above sea level. The centre of the island is depressed, with a shallow, hypersaline, guano-laced lagoon. Treeless, McKean harbours seven herbaceous species of plants, and the world&#39;s largest nesting population of lesser frigatebird (Fregata ariel) with up to 85,000 birds. 29 other species of birds have been described as visiting the island. Historically, the only mammal is the Polynesian rat, now exterminated, which suggests pre-historic discovery by Polynesians. There is also a species of gecko that inhabits the island.</p><br>
<p>McKean has no sources of fresh water, and no freshwater lens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>McKean Island was the first of the Phoenix group to be reported and named. It was discovered May 28, 1794 by the British Capt. Henry Barber, of the ship Arthur, while en route from Botany Bay, New South Wales to the northwest coast of America. Sighting the uninhabited island on 28 May, Captain Barber named it "Drummonds Island", plotting it at 3°40S, 176°51W. The Albany Sentinel reported that the "small sandy island...is very low and cannot be seen from the deck of a vessel more than five or six miles". It was later renamed Arthur Island and appeared as such in charts of that time. Its coordinates were given as 3°30S, 176°0&#39;W.</p><br>
<p>The island was reported and visited by a number of ships in the years following, including the whaler Japan in 1830 (under Capt. Shubael Chase), Captain Worth (1832) who mistook it for Onotoa and an unknown whaler in 1834, who named it "Wigram&#39;s Island".</p><br>
<p>It was renamed McKean Island and mapped by commander Charles Wilkes of the US Exploring Expedition on August 19, 1840, after a member of his crew. However, Arthur Island remained suspected and "in need of confirmation" until at least 1871, when it was listed in Findlay&#39;s Directory, using the charts of cartographer John Arrowsmith.</p><br>
<p>McKean was claimed by the USA in March 1859, under the American Guano Act of 1856. C.A. Williams promoted the Phoenix Guano Company of New London, Connecticut to exploit the deposit of guano. Alfred Restieaux was foreman of the excavation operation in 1867. Guano was actively dug and exported from 1859 to 1870. The island was rarely visited after that time.</p><br>
<p>McKean was later included in the British Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony. The U.K. resigned its claims on the island when it granted independence to the Republic of Kiribati, and the USA resigned its claims to Kiribati in the Treaty of Tarawa.</p><br>
<h2>Guano from McKean’s Island</h2><br>
<p>“A Cargo of 1200 tons of guano, from McKean&#39;s Island, was brought into New London by the ship White Swallow on the 30th ult—the first importation from the Phoenix Guano Islands, discovered by C. A. Williams of New London a year ago. These islands lie in 170 West longitude 3½ south latitude, 2000 miles from the Hawaiian group. Mr. Williams took possession of them according to the law of 1856, and has since received a full title from the government.</p><br>
<p>"The islands are seven in number, and rich in guano deposits. Mr Williams is a member of the firm of C.A. Williams & Co. Honolulu, and Williams & Haven, New London. The Phoenix Guano Company was organized at New London, to work the guano beds, (which will prove a mine of wealth to the lucky owner) who has thirty or forty men permanently located there. Alfred Goddard is the squatter sovereign "governor" of the territory. When the White Swallow left, the Aspasia of Mystic, and Bowditch of New London were loading at McKean&#39;s Island, the only one worked at present."</p><br>
<h3>Phoenix Guano</h3><br>
<p>"This name is the title of a guano from McKean&#39;s Island, situated in the neighborhood of Baker and Jarvis Islands and occupied with a similar deposit. A sample representing the cargo of the White Swallow, imported by the general agents, Messrs. Williams and Haven, into this State, at the port of New London, gave me on analysis 23¼ percent of phosphoric acid, equivalent to 50 percent of bone-phosphate of lime, and I have not hesitated to recommend it to our farmers, especially, as I learn that the price will be entirely reasonable, viz: $27.50 per ton, or in quantities over five tons $25 per ton."</p><br>
<h2>Declaration as a bird sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>The island was declared a bird sanctuary in June 1938, and has been a protected area ever since as the McKean Island Wildlife Sanctuary. In addition to natural history expeditions, it was visited in October 1989 by TIGHAR when it was surveyed as a possible landing site of Amelia Earhart.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Kiribati proclaimed it to be part of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, the largest marine protected area in the world. In 2010, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area became the world&#39;s largest UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2002, the wreck of the fishing trawler Chance on McKean released the Asian rat onto the island, which decimated the native populations of storm-petrels, blue noddies and other petrels and shearwaters. In 2008 NZAID funded the rat eradication of McKean Island, which was proven successful in late 2009.</p><br>
<p>Orfeas , named after the mythical musician Orpheus, is a former municipality in the Evros regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Soufli, of which it is a municipal unit. Its land area is 643.266 km²  and its population was 4,761 inhabitants at the 2011 census. It is located in the north-central part of Evros, and borders both southeastern Bulgaria and northwestern Turkey. The seat of the municipality was in Lavara . Much of the land is mountainous and forested to the west, extending up to the Rhodope regional unit. It is linked with GR-51 . The town of Lávara sits on a plain. It is located SE of Svilengrad, S of Edirne, Turkey and Orestiada, and 13 km N of Soufli and 78 km N of Alexandroupoli.</p><br>
<p>The municipality&#39;s next largest towns are Agriani, Mega Dereio and Amorio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The municipality was affected by flooding of the Evros river in February and March 2005. 50 houses were damaged. The rail south of Lavara and near the station were also flooded and was closed that time.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Forests dominate the river banks and parts of the plain. Much of the area are used for farming. The main production are cattle, fruits and vegetables and some flowers. The mountains dominate further west.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Orfeas is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Lavara</p><br>
<p>Amorio</p><br>
<p>Kyriaki</p><br>
<p>Mandra</p><br>
<p>Mavrokklisi (Mavrokklisi, Korymvos)</p><br>
<p>Mikro Dereio (Mikro Dereio, Geriko, Goniko, Mega Dereio, Petrolofos, Roussa, Sidirochori)</p><br>
<p>Protokklisi (Protokklisi, Agriani)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Soufli  is a town in the Evros regional unit, Greece, notable for the silk industry that flourished there in the 19th century. The town stands on the eastern slope of the twin hill of Prophet Elias, one of the easternmost spurs on the Rhodope Mountains. It is situated in the center of the Evros regional unit, 65 km north of Alexandroupoli and 50 km southwest of Orestiada, on Greek National Road 51/E85 which links Alexandroupoli with Edirne and the Bulgarian border at Ormenio. The town center is only 500m from the Evros River. Soufli is the seat of the municipality of Soufli.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological finds and tombs discovered in the area confirm that a settlement stood on the site during the Hellenistic period. The first recorded mention of Soufli date to ca. 1667, when the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi reported that it was a large village free from taxation. He refers to it by its Turkish name Sofulu, an appellation that probably derives from a nearby dervish monastery. Another version, however, attributes the origins of the name to a Byzantine landowner called Souflis. Beginning in the 19th century, Soufli became an administrative center of a rich province of almost 60,000 inhabitants, extending on both sides of the Evros valley. As one of the few population centers in the region, Soufli became an important trading center. From the records of the Greek Consulate in Adrianople state that in 1858 there was a mutual teaching school in Soufli for which the community put up 6,500 piastres to pay for teachers. Between 1870 and 1880, Soufli developed significantly. The construction of the railway and of the railway station (1872) contributed to its economic development. At the same time, the discovery of a method to fight against the diseases of cocoons by Louis Pasteur contributed to the fast development of sericulture. In 1877, the number of the inhabitants of Soufli is estimated to be around 4,680. By 1900, the population had risen to 10,000 inhabitants, and in 1908 to 12,000–13,000 inhabitants. Together with its importance as a trading center, Soufli was also recognized as an important craft center. The city&#39;s cartwrights who provided the whole region of Thrace with ox-carts, famous for their exceptional stability. The second most important industry in Soufli, next to sericulture, was viniculture. Wine production in Soufli during the 19th century was just under 2,000,000L. However, the development of sericulture and the diffusion of the cultivation of mulberry trees that followed, resulted in the reduction of the land devoted to vines. But sericulture, although popular, was not the only occupation. It was considered to be more of a side-line and seasonal occupation. It had entered every house in Soufli, and during the two months of May and June it occupied farmers, merchants and craftsmen and provided significant income.</p><br>
<p>Known as the Town of Silk, Soufli is also famous for its wine, tsipouro (a local strong alcoholic drink), and cooked meats.</p><br>
<h3>Cultural flourishing</h3><br>
<p>Together with economic development there came socio-cultural flourishing and the intellectual level of the inhabitants was raised. Before the middle of the 19th century, the two churches of Saint George and Saint Athanassios were already built and are still standing as real jewels of the town. Around 1860, we have the creation of the Civil School (today it is the towns Second Elementary School), and in 1880–82 the Girls School of Soufli is built and comes into operation (todays First Elementary School). In 1878, the ´Dramatic society of Soufli´ was already in existence, and in 1905–10 another Dramatic society comes forward. Music has been taught in the Civil School since 1900.</p><br>
<h3>Balkan wars – World War I</h3><br>
<p>The Balkan wars, and, subsequently World War I after that transformed the region of Thrace into a seat of war operations, resulting in the crisis of sericulture and the general downgrading of the region until 1920. In addition, the incorporation of Soufli in Greece after 1922 has indicated its economic decline. The loss of the inland on the eastern riverside of Evros and the subsequent decrease in population of what was now the Greek province of Soufli resulted in the dwindling of the local market and, consequently, the restriction of the trading and craft activities of the town. That is how Soufli, from the transit and trading center it used to be, was transformed into borderland, with all the subsequent disadvantages. Moreover, the partition of Thrace deprived Soufli from a large part of its estates in the eastern riverside of Evros, which now passed into Turkish possession. In particular, in 1922, 2,250 acre of mulberry trees and 625 acre of fields remained in the possession of Soufli, while the vineyards were completely destroyed by vine louse. During the new period beginning with the incorporation of Soufli in Greece, sericulture remained as the most important source of income for the inhabitants of Soufli. The cultivation of wheat, corn and rye provided the town with self-sufficiency as far as nutrition was concerned, and the inhabitants made use of the empty space among mulberry trees and planted mainly legumes and other early or late cereals (multi-culture).</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>With World War II and the German occupation, every trading or intellectual activity is stopped. Life is only vestigial. With the withdrawal of the Germans in August 1944 and the beginning of the civil war, Soufli is once more full of life. The inhabitants of the nearby villages gather in Soufli for safety, and they stay there until the end of 1948.</p><br>
<h3>More recent years</h3><br>
<p>The invention of synthetic silk and the fall of the prices of cocoons have led to the decline of sericulture. Mulberry trees are becoming fewer and fewer, and after the re-allotment of land they have almost vanished. The decline of sericulture, in combination with the lack of industrial units, has forced the population to move towards urban areas or even abroad.</p><br>
<p>Soufli was affected by flooding in its low-lying areas in the 1960s, 1998, 2005 and 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Silk museums of Soufli</h2><br>
<p>The older Silk Museum in Soufli (Thrace) belongs to the Museum Network of the Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foundation (PIOP).</p><br>
<p>It is housed in the Kourtidis Mansion (1883) and was set up in 1990. The purpose of the permanent exhibition housed on the ground floor of the Kourtidis Mansion is to show the pre-industrial techniques by which silkworms were bred (sericulture) and silk was woven. It also deals with the socio-economic significance of these activities for Soufli and the surrounding area. The exhibition is arranged as four units with 46 separate sets of exhibits of two -dimensional documentation and information material (texts, photographs, drawings, maps) and items traditionally associated with sericulture and silk-weaving.</p><br>
<p>The first exhibition unit relates the history of silk over time, beginning with China, continuing through Greek and Roman antiquity and Byzantium and covering both the West and the Ottoman period. The second exhibition unit has as its theme the stages in the breeding of silkworms from the production of the "silk-seed" to the suffocation of the cocoons. The third exhibition unit is devoted to the manufacturing of silk, from the cleaning and sorting of the cocoons to the weaving of the fine silks which Soufli once produced. The fourth exhibition unit deals with the broader socio-economic background against which silk-weaving developed in Greece and the rest of Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with particular emphasis on the rise and decline of the silk industry in Soufli and its contribution to the development of the town. The printed matter on the Silk Museum consists of a leaflet/poster and a monograph entitled Sericulture in Soufli. An educational programme entitled "Unwinding a cocoon..., addressed to the first classes of primary scholl and covering traditional sericulture and silk-weaving, has been prepared as part of the MELINA project (Ministry of Culture, Benaki Museum).</p><br>
<p>A more recent addition to the silk museums in Soufli is the Art of Silk Museum belonging to the Tsiakiris Family Silkmills. Opened in September 2008 in a renovated Neoclassical building (1886) on the main thoroughfare of the town, it displays the full sequence of sericulture (with live silkworms on show most of the year) and shows the more industrial side of silk manufacture and weaving incorporating fully functional machinery and exhibits from the Tsiakiri factory and videos of the various stages and methods of production. It features both live and electronically assisted guided tours (available in several languages).</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Soufli was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Orfeas</p><br>
<p>Soufli</p><br>
<p>Tychero</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 1325.721 km, the municipal unit 462.044 km.</p><br>
<h3>Communities</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Soufli comprises the following communities and settlements (population numbers as of the 2011 census):</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Soufli (Επαρχία Σουφλίου) was one of the provinces of the Evros Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal units Soufli and Tychero, and the villages Peplos and Trifylli. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Traianoupoli  or Traianopolis or Trajanopolis was a medieval settlement abandoned in the 14th century in the Evros regional unit of East Macedonia and Thrace region, northeastern Greece. It was used as the name of a municipality following the 1997 Kapodistrias Plan, which became a municipal unit of Alexandroupoli in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Modern town</h2><br>
<p>Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Alexandroupoli, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 163.549 km. Population 2,706 (2011).</p><br>
<p>The seat of the municipality is in Antheia.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit Traianoupoli is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages given in parenthesis) :</p><br>
<p>Antheia (Antheia, Aristino)</p><br>
<p>Doriko (Doriko, Aetochori)</p><br>
<p>Loutros (Loutros, Loutra Traianopouleos, Pefka)</p><br>
<p>Nipsa</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was founded by the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117) near the ancient town of Doriscus, and received his name. In the Roman period, the city was famous for its baths.</p><br>
<p>In the 4th century, it became the capital and metropolitan see of the Thracian Roman province of Rhodope. Under Justinian I (r. 527–565) the city walls were repaired. The city remained the metropolis of the ecclesiastical province of Rhodope until its decline in the 14th century, but ceased being a provincial capital with the rise of the theme system, coming under the Theme of Macedonia, although a single strategos of Traianoupolis is attested in an 11th-century seal. In autumn 1077, the troops of the rebel general Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder proclaimed him emperor at Traianoupolis.</p><br>
<p>In the Partitio Romaniae of 1204 it is listed as the pertinentia de Macri et Traianopoli. The Crusader Geoffrey of Villehardouin is known to have been assigned fiefs in the area. In 1205 or 1207, the town was destroyed by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, but in 1210 it is attested as a Latin (Roman Catholic) archbishopric. Following its recovery by the Empire of Nicaea, the Greek Orthodox see was restored; in 1260, John Kondoumnes was named as its bishop. The area was ravaged by Bulgarian raids in 1322 and by Turkish raids in 1329/30. By the time John Kantakouzenos and his ally, Umur Bey, erected their camp on the site in the winter of 1343/44, the city had lain destroyed and abandoned for several years. In 1347, the local metropolitan was therefore allowed to reside in Mosynopolis instead. The area fell to the Ottoman Turks by 1365, and in 1371 the see was supplanted by that of Serres in the ecclesiastical hierarchy.</p><br>
<p>The sole use of the site after the city&#39;s abandonment was as a way-station, and in ca. 1375/85, the Ottoman Gazi Evrenos built an inn (Hana) and a Turkish bath, which still survive. Traces of the medieval buildings and the circuit wall also survive.</p><br>
<p>The area came under Bulgarian rule after the Balkan Wars of 1912–13 and was ceded to Greece in the Treaty of Neuilly (1919).</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<h3>Residential see</h3><br>
<p>Trajanopolis was an episcopal see at least since the time of Constantius II (r. 337–361), when its bishop Theodulus was persecuted by the Arians. By the end of the century, it had become the metropolis of the ecclesiastical province of Rhodope, a position it retained throughout its existence until the 14th century. Its suffragan sees were originally Ainos, Didymoteichon, Makri, Maroneia, Mosynopolis, Perberis, Peritheorion/Anastasiopolis, Polystylon, Poroi, Topeiros and Xantheia.</p><br>
<p>A bishop Syncletius is attested ca. 400, and several the metropolitans are attested thereafter in various church councils: Peter took part in the Council of Ephesus in 431, Basil in the "Robber Council" of 449 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451, John in the church council of 459, Eleusinius in the Fifth Ecumenical Council of 553, Tiberius in the Quinisext Council of 691/2, Leo in the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, Nicephorus in the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879, and George in the council of 997. John, Metropolitan of Anastasiopolis, was also administrator (proedros) of Trajanopolis in 1285, but in the early 14th century the see fell vacant. Patriarch Nephon I of Constantinople assumed direct control over its revenues in 1310–14, and in 1315 the vacant see was granted for life to Patriarch John XIII of Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>The city was largely destroyed and abandoned after the raids of the 1320s, so that in 1347, the metropolitan moved his residence to Mosynopolis. In 1353, the incumbent metropolitan was assigned the Metropolis of Peritheorion as well. Following the Ottoman conquest shortly after, in 1365 the dispossessed Metropolitan was moved to the Metropolis of Lacedaemon. In 1371 the see of Serres replaced Trajanopolis in the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>The title of Metropolitan of Trajanopolis remained a titular appointment in the Church of Constantinople until 1885, when it was assigned to the Metropolis of Ainos (full title "Ainos, Trajanopolis, and Dede-Agatch"). From 1922, with the establishment of the Metropolis of Alexandroupolis within the modern Greek state, the title passed to it; the full title of the metropolitans of Alexandroupolis is "Metropolitan of Alexandroupolis, Trajanopolis and Samothrace", with the style of "hypertimos and exarch of Rhodope".</p><br>
<h3>Catholic titular see</h3><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored as a Latin Catholic Metropolitan titular archbishopric in the 17th century, simply as Traianopolis (or Trajanopolis), which was changed in 1933 to Trajanopolis in Rhodope (since 1970 spelled Traianopolis in Rhodope), avoiding confusion with a Turkish namesake.</p><br>
<p>It is vacant since 1968, having had the following incumbents, all except the first (merely episcopal, the lowest rank) of the highest (Metropolitan) rank :</p><br>
<p>Titular Bishop Claudio de Villagómez (1684.04.24 – 1685.11.04?)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Deodat Bogdan Nersesowicz (1701.07.18 – 1709)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Nicolò Paolo Andrea Coscia (later Cardinal) (1724.06.26 – 1725.06.11)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Carlo Pignatelli (1725.07.23 – ?)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Francesco Scipione Maria Borghese (later Cardinal) (1728.03.08 – 1729.07.06)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Pietro de Carolis (1729.09.07 – 1744.11.27)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (later Cardinal) (1749.01.20 – 1752.09.25)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Niccolò Oddi, Jesuits (S.J.) (later Cardinal) (1754.01.14 – 1764.02.20)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Alexandre-Angélique de Talleyrand-Périgord (later Cardinal) (1766.12.01 – 1777.10.27)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Pierre-François-Martial de Loménie (1788.12.15 – 1794.05.10)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Giuseppe Carrano (1801.07.20 – 1819?)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen (1819.12.17 – 1821.10.20)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Giovan Domenico Stefanelli, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1845.01.20 – 1852.02.05)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Benedict Planchet, S.J. (1853.06.04 – 1859.09.19)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Saint Antonio María Claret y Clará, founder of the Claretians (C.M.F.) (1860.07.15 – 1870.10.24)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Serafino Milani, Franciscans (O.F.M. Obs.) (1874.01.23 – 1874.12.21)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Augusto Giuseppe Duc (1907.12.19 – 1922.12.14)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Ismael Perdomo Borrero (1923.02.05 – 1928.01.02)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Fabio Berdini (1928.03.02 – 1930.03.22)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Giacinto Gaggia (1930.03.29 – 1933.04.15)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Mario Zanin (蔡寧) (1933.11.28 – 1958.08.04)</p><br>
<p>Titular Archbishop Albert-Pierre Falière, Paris Foreign Missions Society (M.E.P.) (1959.12.19 – 1968.01.12)</p><br>
<p>Trígono  is a former municipality in the Evros regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Orestiada, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 392.538 km. Its population is 5,370 . The seat of the municipality was in Dikaia. The municipality was created in 1997 under the Capodistrian Plan. Trigono is the country&#39;s northernmost municipal unit, situated in the triangle between the rivers Evros and Ardas. It borders Bulgaria to the north and west, and Turkey to the northeast. The nearest cities are Svilengrad  to the north, Edirne  to the east and Orestiada to the southeast. The area consists mainly of low hills, with plains in the river valleys, and higher elevations up to 400 m towards the west.</p><br>
<p>The area of Trigono was under Ottoman Turkish rule until the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars. After 7 years of Bulgarian rule, it was ceded to Greece in 1920.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Trigono is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Arzos (Arzos, Kanadas)</p><br>
<p>Dikaia (Dikaia, Dilofos, Krios, Palli)</p><br>
<p>Elaia</p><br>
<p>Therapeio</p><br>
<p>Komara</p><br>
<p>Marasia</p><br>
<p>Milia</p><br>
<p>Ormenio</p><br>
<p>Pentalofos</p><br>
<p>Petrota</p><br>
<p>Plati</p><br>
<p>Ptelea</p><br>
<p>Spilaio</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Tycheró  is a town and a former municipality in the Evros regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Soufli, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 220.411 km. Population 4,010 . Tychero is situated near the river Evros, which forms the border with Turkey here. The Greek National Road 51/E85  passes west of the town. Tychero is located south of Soufli, south-southwest of Orestiada, northwest of İpsala , north of Feres and northeast of Alexandroupoli.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Tychero is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Fylakto</p><br>
<p>Lefkimmi</p><br>
<p>Lyra</p><br>
<p>Provatonas (Provatonas, Tavri, Thymaria)</p><br>
<p>Tychero</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Under Ottoman rule Tychero was known as Bıdıklı (Greek: Μπίντικλι). After the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) it became part of Bulgaria, and it became part of Greece in 1920. It was renamed to Tychio, which was changed to the current name Tychero in 1953. In February 2006 Tychero was struck by a flood of the Evros river.</p><br>
<p>Feres  is a town and a former municipality in the Evros regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Alexandroupoli, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 411.160 km. Population 8,551 . Feres is linked with the GR-2 or the Via Egnatia  and the GR-51 (Alexandroupoli - Orestiada - Ormenio. The Evros river along with Turkey is to the east and also includes the entire delta to the south.</p><br>
<p>Feres was founded in the 11th century by the Byzantine Greek emperor Isaac I Komnenos. Like the rest of the Greek mainland, it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Ages, until it was taken by Bulgaria in 1913 following Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. In 1920, as a result of the Treaty of Neuilly and subsequent agreements, the town was given to Greece.</p><br>
<p>The municipality was created in 1986 and included the communities of Ardanio, Doriskos, Feres and Itea. Under the Capodistrian Plan (2539/1997) in 1997, the old communities of Peplos and Tryfilli joined the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Feres is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Ardanio</p><br>
<p>Doriskos (Doriskos, Monastiraki)</p><br>
<p>Feres (Feres, Poros)</p><br>
<p>Kavisos</p><br>
<p>Peplos (Peplos, Vrysoula, Gemisti, Kipoi)</p><br>
<p>Pylaia (Pylaia, Koila, Melia)</p><br>
<p>Tryfilli (Tryfilli, Itea)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Lefteris Hapsiadis (b. 1953), lyrics author</p><br>
<p>Aidipsos  is a village and a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. The municipality Aidipsos was founded in 1997 by the merger of the municipality Loutra Aidipsou with the communities Agios and Gialtra. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Istiaia-Aidipsos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 115.461 km. 80 of Greece&#39;s 752 hot springs are located in Aidipsos, making it a popular tourist destination. The spas date back more than 20,000 years. In 2011 the population was 6,141. Many famous personalities have visited the town so far, such as Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Sir Winston Churchill, Eleutherios Venizelos, Theodoros Deligiannis, Georgios Theotokis, Ioannis Kondilakis, Archbishop of Athens Theocletus I, Aristotelis Onassis, Maria Callas, Kostis Palamas, Marika Kotopouli and others.</p><br>
<p>Amarynthos , is a coastal town and a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Eretria, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 109.909 km. In 2011 its population was 3,672 for the town and 6,723 for the municipal unit. The Amarynthos is 8 km east of Eretria, 27 km southeast of Chalcis, 63 km northwest of Karystos and 10 km north of Kalamos, across the gulf. The Greek National Road 44  passes through the town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area of Amarynthos, along with the region of Eretria, has a long and rich history. Many scientists place Eretria of the Mycenaean period in the location of the present town of Amarynthos. The archaeological artifacts testify a permanent settlement in this location since the Late Neolithic period, around 3000 BC, which was one of the most important Helladic settlements and a significant port on the island of Euboea, during the Early Bronze Age. It had built its own trade with the Aegean Islands, concluded from the findings of Cycladic art in the region.</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Helladic period, Amarynthos had developed its trade with mainland Greece and produced magnificent pieces of the Minyean art, while in the Late Helladic period it was one of the main areas of Euboea. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Ionians arrived in the southern parts of Greece and settled Euboea, while the name of Amarynthos is mentioned in clay tablets with inscriptions in the Linear B script. Apart from the trade, the locals also occupied with agriculture, pastoralism, fishing and copper processing.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times, there was a festival in Amarynthos called "Amarýnthia", dedicated to Amarysia Artemis, who was worshipped as the patron goddess of Amarynthos and whose shrine was located in the plain of the region, being one of the most important in Central Greece. Parts of it were excavated between 1987 and 1992, hosted now at the Museum of Eretria. In Greek mythology, Amarynthos was a man from Eretria who usually ran after Artemis because of his love to her, and his name was given to the town. Pausanias in his Description of Greece, mentions, along with Amarynthos, a town in Attica called Athmonia, where the Athenians also celebrated Amarysia Artemis in a festival as splendid as the one in Amarynthos (). Callimachus says that in Amarynthos, Artemis was worshipped as hornless (kolainis), because Agamemnon sacrificed to her a hornless ram made of wax, while Claudius Aelianus refers to the Eretrians who maimed animals to Artemis at Amarynthos. Strabo, in the Geographica, locates the village of Amarynthos seven stadia distant from the walls of Eretria, to which the village belongs ().</p><br>
<p>Amarynthos, like the whole of Euboea, was later ruled by the Macedonians, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Venetians and the Ottoman Turks until it joined the modern Greek state around 1830. In World War II, the Nazi Germany&#39;s troops burnt parts of the town. After the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor in Euboea, many of which settled in Amarynthos, boosted the population of the town.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Amarynthos is located in Central Euboea and stretches from the coast of the South Euboean Gulf into the mountainous inland. The area near the coast, around the town Amarynthos, is relatively flat and consists of farmlands. The Euboean Olympus overlooks the town, situated 10 km north of it. Amarynthos has a popular beach and several hotels, restaurants, bars and taverns can be found in the town. Amarynthos has several schools and shops, while the nearest hospital is in Chalcis.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Worth visiting in Amarynthos are the Byzantine churches of "Koimisi tis Theotokou", "Metamorphosi tou Sotiros" and "Zoodochos Pigi", while to the northeast of the town there is the Byzantine monastery of "Agios Nikolaos", with beautiful wall paintings of the 12th century. A Macedonian tomb dating from the 4th century BC has been excavated in 1897 one kilometre outside of Amarynthos in a location called Vlychos. There is a 14th-century church named "Panagitsa" close to Ano Vatheia, and the famous "Skoteini Cave" located on a cliff 1.5 kilometre outside of the village Tharounia.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Amarynthos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Amarynthos (Amarynthos, Galazia Nera)</p><br>
<p>Ano Vatheia (Ano Vatheia, Koukaki)</p><br>
<p>Gymno (Gymno, Metamorfosi)</p><br>
<p>Kallithea</p><br>
<p>Seta (Seta, Kato Seta)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Bogø is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, just west of Møn. The population is 1,108  with 870 living in the only town on the island, Bogø By. The island is approximately 7 km long by 3 km wide at the largest points, with a total area of 13 km². Maximum height above sea level is 32 metres.</p><br>
<p>To the west of Bogø is a smaller island, Farø, which carries the E47/E55 motorway from Copenhagen to the major islands of Lolland and Falster. The routes continue via ferry to Germany. Bogø is connected by causeway to both Farø and Møn, and carries one of the two main routes for vehicles travelling to Møn. It is part of Vordingborg Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The island has a varied landscape including wooded areas and traditional villages. To the northwest of the island at Skåninge is a small harbour and bathing jetty. To the south east is a larger harbour with a car ferry which operates during summer months to Stubbekøbing on Falster. Near the centre of the island is a preserved windmill from 1852, which is being restored to form a working museum.</p><br>
<p>The island was for a long time part of the crown estates. In 1769 it was offered for sale, and purchased by the islanders for 18,456 rigsdaler. To pay for this, the islanders cut down much of the forest then growing on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Hulehøj</h2><br>
<p>In the north east of the island, in the wooded region, is a well preserved passage grave at Hulehøj. The burial chamber is 6.3m long, originally accessed via a 5.5m tunnel. This passage grave is estimated to have been built about 3200 BC in the Nordic Stone Age. The stones weigh up to 10 tons and were apparently moved and lifted by rollers, sledges and lifting bars when constructed. Hulehøj means hollow, and høj, from the Old Norse word haugr, means hill or mound.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The Bogø-Stubbekøbing ferry is used as a location at 1:11:31 in the first first Olsen Gang film.</p><br>
<p>Avlon or Avlonas  is a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kymi-Aliveri, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 143.406 km. In 2011 its population was 4,498. The seat of the municipality was in Avlonari.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Avlon is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Achladeri (Achladeri, Kalamos, Korasida, Perivolia, Sykies)</p><br>
<p>Agios Georgios</p><br>
<p>Avlonari (Avlonari, Chania, Dafni, Elaia, Lofiskos)</p><br>
<p>Neochori</p><br>
<p>Oktonia (Oktonia, Agios Merkourios, Mourteri)</p><br>
<p>Orio (Orio, Myrtea)</p><br>
<p>Orologi (Orologi, Agia Thekla, Prinaki)</p><br>
<p>Pyrgi</p><br>
<p>Istiaia  is a town and a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. It was named after the ancient town Histiaea, which was mentioned by the ancient Greek poet Homer. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Istiaia-Aidipsos, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 181.299 km. At the 2011 census the population was 7,091 for the municipal unit and 5,522 for the community.</p><br>
<p>The town is located in the northwestern end of the island Euboea, 5 km from the north coast, and north of the mountain Telethrio. It was the capital of Istiaia Province until its abolishment in 2006. Visitor attractions of Istiaia include the Museum of Natural History and the church of Agios Nikolaos.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Istiaia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages and population at the 2011 census given in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Avgaria (pop. 96)</p><br>
<p>Galatsades (Galatsades, Kamatriades, pop. 148)</p><br>
<p>Galatsona (pop. 65)</p><br>
<p>Istiaia (Agios Georgios, Istiaia, Kanatadika, Nea Sinasos, Neochori, pop. 5,522)</p><br>
<p>Kamaria (pop. 381)</p><br>
<p>Kokkinomilea (pop. 72)</p><br>
<p>Kryoneritis (pop. 189)</p><br>
<p>Milies (pop. 169)</p><br>
<p>Monokarya (Kato Monokarya, Monokarya, pop. 155)</p><br>
<p>Voutas (Voutas, Kyparissi, Simia, pop. 294)</p><br>
<h2>Population history</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Istiaia was named after the ancient town Histiaea, already mentioned by Homer in his Iliad. The old town was situated 2 km west of the present town. Archaeological findings from 2000 BC have been done, suggesting a settlement existed here in the Middle Helladic period.</p><br>
<p>Near the ancient town, a new town was founded, named Xirochori. Its name was changed into Istiaia in 1913, after the ancient town Histiaea.</p><br>
<p>Kireas  is a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Mantoudi-Limni-Agia Anna, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 294.665 km. Population 5,411 . The seat of the municipality was in Mantoudi.</p><br>
<p>The name comes from Kireas River which flows from the mountains of Fteritsa, Pyxaria and Mavrovouni, joins with Neleus River finally flowing into the Aegean near the sea shore of Krya Vrysi in North Euboia. Strabo mentions a legend according to which sheep drinking from Kireas gave birth to white offspring while those drinking from Neleus gave birth to black. The sycamore forest in this Kireas&#39; banks hosts the oldest and greatest in size tree in the Balkans, the "Μέγας Πλάτανος" (Great Sycamore).</p><br>
<h2>Twin towns</h2><br>
<p>Kireas is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Ürgüp, Turkey (since 2004)</p><br>
<p>The Minquiers  are a group of islands and rocks, about 15 km south of Jersey. The Minquiers forms part of the Bailiwick of Jersey.</p><br>
<p>They are administratively part of the Parish of Grouville.</p><br>
<p>At low tide, the rock shelf around the Minquiers has a larger surface area than Jersey itself but at high tide only a few of the main heads remain above water. The largest of these is Maîtresse, which is about 50 m long and 20 m wide and has about ten stone cottages in various states of repair; these are the most southerly buildings in the British Isles. However, they have no permanent inhabitants, though fishermen, vraic (seaweed used for fertilizer) collectors, yachtsmen, kayakers, and even radio amateurs make summer landfall.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The etymology of the name is disputed, and could either come from the Breton language minihi meaning a sanctuary, or from minkier meaning a seller of fish.</p><br>
<h2>Islets</h2><br>
<p>The most significant islands in the group are:</p><br>
<p>Maîtresse Île / Maîtr&#39; Île</p><br>
<p>Les Maisons</p><br>
<p>Others include:</p><br>
<p>Le Niêsant</p><br>
<p>Les Faucheurs</p><br>
<p>La Haute Grune.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thousands of years ago, around the time of the last glacial period, when sea level was lower, the Channel Islands were high ground on the plain connecting the European Continent and southern England.</p><br>
<p>In 933 AD, the Duchy of Normandy annexed the islets, along with the other Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula. After William, Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066, the islands remained united to the Duchy until Philip Augustus conquered mainland Normandy in 1204. In 1259 Henry III did homage to the French king for the Channel Islands. Edward III, in the 1360 Treaty of Brétigny, waived his claims to the crown of France and to Normandy, but reserved various other territories to England, including the Channel Islands.</p><br>
<p>The 1911 Britannica says that Maîtresse Île "affords a landing and shelter for fishermen."</p><br>
<p>A small company of Wehrmacht soldiers on the Minquiers were among the last to surrender in the Second World War. A French fishing boat, skippered by Lucian Marie, approached the island of Minquiers and anchored nearby. A fully armed German soldier approached and asked for help saying Weve been forgotten by the British, perhaps no one on Jersey told them we were here, I want you to take us over to England, we want to surrender&#39;. This was on 23 May 1945, three weeks after the war in Europe ended.</p><br>
<h2>Resolution of disputed status</h2><br>
<p>In 1950 Britain and France went to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for friendly discussions to decide to which country the Minquiers and Écréhous belonged. The French fished in the waters, but Jersey exercised various administrative rights. The ICJ considered the historical evidence, and in its Judgment of 17 November 1953 awarded the islands to Jersey (as represented by the United Kingdom).</p><br>
<p>In 1998 some French invaded the Minquiers on behalf of the King of Patagonia in retaliation for the British occupation of the Falkland Islands. The Union Jack was restored the next day.</p><br>
<h2>Les Minquiers in literature</h2><br>
<p>Notably, Les Minquiers are mentioned at length by Victor Hugo in his novel Ninety-Three, about the French Revolution. He mentions how treacherous they are, and says that their combined area is bigger than mainland Jersey itself. Hugo lived in both Guernsey and Jersey at various points in his life, and so was familiar with local lore.</p><br>
<p>The British/French dispute over Les Minquiers is a plot element in Nancy Mitfords novel Dont Tell Alfred, as an occasional cause for dispute between the two old ladies - France and Britain.</p><br>
<p>Les Minquiers feature in the seafaring adventure novel The Wreck of the Mary Deare, by Hammond Innes, and its 1959 film adaptation.</p><br>
<h2>Protection</h2><br>
<p>The Minquiers are designated protected under the Ramsar convention.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Oreoi  is a village and a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. It was named after the ancient town Oreus. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Istiaia-Aidipsos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 49.913 km. Population 3,017 . It is situated on the northwest coast of the island Euboea, by the Oreoi Strait that connects the Aegean Sea with the North Euboean Gulf. The small port Agiokampos, 5 km west of Oreoi, is served by ferries to Glyfa on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>A large marble statue of a bull from a funerary monument of the 4th century B.C. was raised from the harbour of Oreoi in 1965, and is exhibited in the town.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Oreoi is subdivided into the following communities (2011 census population in square brackets):</p><br>
<p>Oreoi</p><br>
<p>Kastaniotissa</p><br>
<p>Neos Pyrgos</p><br>
<p>Taxiarchis</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oreoi was named after the ancient town Oreus, that was also known as Histiaea. Oreus was situated at the eastern edge of the present village Oreoi. Oreoi was part of the municipality of Istiaia until 1912, when it became a separate community. It was elevated to municipality status in 1997. The last mayor of Oreoi, before it was merged into the new municipality Istiaia-Aidipsos, was Ioannis Stamatiou, elected in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Raystown Branch Juniata River is the largest and longest tributary of the Juniata River in south-central Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Raystown Branch Juniata River begins along the Allegheny Front in Somerset County and flows 123 mi to the confluence with the Juniata River near Huntingdon. It passes through the boroughs of Bedford and Everett along its course.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 5.4 mi upstream of the mouth, the United States Army Corps of Engineers Raystown Dam forms Raystown Lake, the largest lake in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>* The Diehls Covered Bridge crosses Raystown Branch Juniata River in Harrison Township, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>* The Bridge in Snake Spring Township crosses Raystown Branch Juniata River in Snake Spring Township, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>* The Corbin Bridge crosses Raystown Branch Juniata River in Juniata Township, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>(Heading downstream)</p><br>
<p>*Breastwork Run</p><br>
<p>*Dunning Creek</p><br>
<p>*Cove Creek</p><br>
<p>*Bloody Run</p><br>
<p>*Brush Creek</p><br>
<p>*Yellow Creek</p><br>
<p>*Great Trough Creek</p><br>
<p>Abuna Yosef  is a prominent mountain near the eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian Highlands. At 4,260 m it is the 6th tallest mountain in Ethiopia and the 19th highest of Africa. It is located in the Lasta massif in the Semien Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region.</p><br>
<p>A notable landmark on this mountain is the Church of Gennete Maryam, a monolithic church which tradition reports was excavated during the reign of Yekuno Amlak. Also notable are four free-standing churches build inside caves in the mountain, the oldest and most famous being Yemrehana Krestos Church, built by the Zagwe king of the same name. The other three are Emakina Medhane Alem (probably built by Yekuno Amlak in the late 13th century), Lidetta Maryam, and Zammadu Maryam (probably 15th century). The churches of Lalibela lie in its foothills.</p><br>
<p>The Abuna Yosef Community Conservation Area covers about 70 km² of the Abuna Yosef massif.</p><br>
<p>Reddish Knob of Shenandoah Mountain is one of the highest points in Virginia, rising 4,397 ft. A narrow, paved road reaches the summit from Harrisonburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Reddish Knob is located on the border between Augusta County, Virginia and Pendleton County, West Virginia, in the George Washington National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Reddish Knob stands within the watershed of the Potomac River, which drains into Chesapeake Bay. The northwest side of Reddish Knob drains into Stony Run, thence into the South Fork of the South Branch of the Potomac River. To the south, Reddish Knob drains into the North Fork of the Little River, thence into the North River, the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, and into the Potomac River. To the east, Reddish Knob drains into the Briery Branch of the North River.</p><br>
<p>From Reddish Knob, a scenic gravel road continues south along the ridge crest that forms the boundary between Virginia and West Virginia, passing Shenandoah Mountain Picnic Area in a couple of miles. Further south lies the Ramsey&#39;s Draft Wilderness, which contains several stands of virgin hemlock.</p><br>
<p>To the north, a rough road provides access to a number of ridge top balds that have great primitive campsites. Several developed recreation sites are nearby. Hone Quarry has a picnic area, campground with widely spaced sites, and a small lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The mountain peak is a popular destination for "day-trippers" for students of the nearby James Madison University, Eastern Mennonite University, and Bridgewater College. They enjoy the "parking lot in the sky" as a place to relax and enjoy spectacular 360 degree views year round.</p><br>
<p>Grindstone 100 Miler run entrants summit Reddish Knob.</p><br>
<p>Every year the Blue Ridge Running Camp runs up Reddish Knob.</p><br>
<p>The summit is also included in the Jeremiah Bishop Alpine Loop Gran Fondo. The loop climbs to Reddish Knob via the "darkside" of Reddish Knob&#39;s forest road, routes to the summit, then descends to Harrisonburg via the paved access road.</p><br>
<h2>Fire tower</h2><br>
<p>From the 1920s to 1975, a steel fire tower stood atop Reddish Knob.</p><br>
<p>Nela Park is the headquarters of GE Lighting, and is located in East Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Today, GE Lighting is a part of GE Home & Business Solutions, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. Nela Park serves as the operating headquarters of GE Lighting.</p><br>
<p>The institute was first organized by entrepreneurs Franklin Terry and Burton Tremaine of the National Electric Lamp Company. Development of the site was started in 1911, when the National Electric Lamp Association (NELA), formed by John Robert Crouse, Sr, J.B. Crouse, and H.A. Tremaine in 1901, was dissolved and absorbed into General Electric. It was the first industrial park in the world, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The campus emulates a university setting, and the dominant architectural style is Georgian Revival. The 92 acre campus is home to GE&#39;s Lighting & Electrical Institute, which was founded in 1933. Each December, Nela Park features a world-famous Christmas lighting display, which culminates in a miniature version of the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C., designed by GE Lighting.</p><br>
<p>The Cerros Colorados Complex is a group of dams and hydroelectricity generation facilities on the lower valley of the Neuquén River, in Neuquén, Argentina.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The complex was started in 1969, and the first machine started functioning in 1978. The complex was officially inaugurated on 31 October 1980. In 1993 it was privatized by a concession grant to Hidroeléctrica Cerros Colorados S.A. In 2000, Duke Energy acquired Cerros Colorados and the Alto Valle thermal power plant.</p><br>
<p>Cerros Colorados is itself part of a larger engineering scheme, commonly known as the El Chocón-Cerros Colorados Complex, which includes the dam and hydroelectric plant of El Chocón located upstream, on the Limay River.</p><br>
<h2>Constituent works</h2><br>
<p>Cerros Colorados consists of four dams (Portezuelo Grande, Loma de la Lata, Planicie Banderita and El Chañar), and takes advantage of two deep natural depressions, called Los Barreales and Mari Menuco.</p><br>
<p>The Portezuelo Grande Dam (upstream) re-routes the waters of the river towards Los Barreales Lake, except for those destined to irrigation, domestic supply and ecological use. The water in Los Barreales then flows toward Mari Menuco, through a passage controlled by the Loma de la Lata Dam. The water level in Mari Menuco is kept 69 m higher than that of the river in Planicie Banderita.</p><br>
<p>The Planicie Banderita hydroelectric power plant, employs two Siemens generators equipped with vertical-axis Francis turbines (each with a nominal power of 243 MW) to generate 1,512 GWh per year. The plant then returns the waters to the course of the river. Planicie Banderita delivers the generated electric power at 500 kV to the National Interconnection System.</p><br>
<p>The flow of the river is further adjusted about 10 km downstream from Planicie Banderita by a small check dam, El Chañar.</p><br>
<p>Ski Sundown is a ski area located in New Hartford, Connecticut. There are 16 trails, 15 of which are lighted for nighttime skiing. In terms of difficulty, eight of the trails are easier, four are intermediate and three are difficult and one is most difficult. Popular trails include Toms Treat, which winds its way down the mountain for one mile and includes a mini terrain park , and Gunbarrel, a steep pitch straight down the mountain which offers free as well as -sponsored races. The ski area features two terrain parks, the easier on Toms Treat, and an expert terrain park on the black diamond run Stinger. The mountain opens its newest trail, Satans Stairway, a double black diamond dedicated mogul trail in the Winter 2014/2015 season. Five lifts service the mountain, with three triple chairs, and two conveyor lifts. Ski Sundown has 70 acre of skiable terrain. Ski Sundown also includes 15 out of 16 trails lighted for night skiing, usually until 10 PM </p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Satan&#39;s Ridge Ski Area opened with a Hall T-Bar in 1963. A second T-Bar would be added in 1965. The area later closed, before being reopened as Ski Sundown by Channing Murdock, owner of nearby Butternut Basin Ski Area. In 1977, a new Borvig triple chairlift was installed to the summit. In 1987, a second summit triple chairlift, a CTEC, installed. In 2006 a conveyor lift was added, and in 2013 a 300-foot conveyor lift was installed in the Sunnyside Learning area.</p><br>
<p>Seymour Narrows is a 5 km section of the Discovery Passage in British Columbia known for strong tidal currents. Discovery Passage lies between Vancouver Island at Menzies Bay, British Columbia and Quadra Island except at its northern end where the eastern shoreline is Sonora Island. The section known as Seymour Narrows begins about 18 km from the south end of Discovery Passage where it enters the Georgia Strait near Campbell River. For most of the length of the narrows, the channel is about 750 m wide. Through this narrow channel, currents can reach 15 kn.</p><br>
<p>Seymour Narrows was described by Captain George Vancouver as "one of the vilest stretches of water in the world." Even after Ripple Rock was removed, it remains a challenging route. In March 1981, the Star Philippine, a freighter, ran aground in the narrows.</p><br>
<p>Seymour Narrows is notable also because the flowing current can be sufficiently turbulent to realize a Reynolds number of about 10^9, i.e. one billion, which is possibly the largest Reynolds number regularly attained in natural water channels on Earth (the current speed is about 8 m/s, the nominal depth about 100 m). Turbulence develops usually around a Reynolds number of 2000, depending on the geometric structure of the channel.</p><br>
<h2>Ripple Rock</h2><br>
<p>Ripple Rock was a submerged twin-peak mountain that lay just nine feet beneath the surface of Seymour Narrows. It was a serious hazard to shipping, sinking 119 vessels and taking 114 lives. The gunboat USS Saranac was one of the rock&#39;s first recorded victims. On April 5, 1958, after twenty-seven months of tunnelling and engineering work, Ripple Rock was blown up with 1,375 tons of Nitramex 2H explosive making it the largest commercial, non-nuclear blast in North America. The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was larger but it was not a deliberate act.</p><br>
<p>The event was broadcast live on Canadian Television. The footage is also regularly screened at the Campbell River Museum.</p><br>
<p>Vancouver band The Evaporators wrote a song about the event and released it on their 2004 album Ripple Rock.</p><br>
<p>The Pinaleño Mountains are a remote mountain range in southeastern Arizona. They have over 7,000 ft of vertical relief, more than any other range in the state. The mountains are surrounded by the Sonoran-Chihuahuan Desert. Subalpine forests cover the higher elevations. According to The Nature Conservancy, they traverse five ecological communities and contain "the highest diversity of habitats of any mountain range in North America." The highest point is Mount Graham at 10,720 ft. Locals often refer to the whole mountain range as "Mount Graham", in which case the peak is referred to as "High Peak". The mountains cover 300 square miles and are part of the Coronado National Forest, Safford ranger district.</p><br>
<p>The mountains are a Madrean sky island range that is typical of southern Arizona, specifically south-central Arizona, and especially the complete southeastern quadrant of Arizona, from Tucson, and Globe to Nogales, Douglas, and the Chiricahuas. Sky island ranges are mountains isolated by desert valleys. The deserts, as well as differences in elevation, prevent flora and fauna from traveling to or from nearby ecosystems. As a result, the mountain ecosystems are isolated, and distinct sub-species can develop. This is similar to what Charles Darwin discovered with species he collected from different islands in the Galápagos, a discovery that played a major role in his theory of natural selection. The Mount Graham red squirrel is an isolated population of red squirrels and possibly a sub-species as well.</p><br>
<p>Safford and Willcox, Arizona are the nearest towns to the Pinaleños.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The diversity of the flora and fauna in the Pinaleños make them an especially notable range. Trees that grow there include: Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, quaking aspen, Ponderosa pine, silverleaf oaks (south-facing slopes), box elder, and bigtooth maple. Frequently seen animals include mule deer, Coues white tail deer, hawks, and black bear. The Mount Graham red squirrel was once considered to be extinct, but was "rediscovered" in the 1970s and as of June 3, 1987, is officially listed as endangered. For a comprehensive list of the flora and fauna of these biodiverse mountains see the</p><br>
<h3>Pre-Columbian flora</h3><br>
<p>Unlike many of the other mountains in the area, the Pinaleños have no lava deposits. The lava-based mountains found throughout Arizona tend to be barren, whereas the Pinaleños (and others) have a large number of trees, including many that pre-date Columbus&#39;s arrival in the Americas. "Researchers from the University of Arizona Tree Ring Laboratory have discovered living trees that date back to 1257 and 1270 AD. Botanists say the Douglas firs have survived because the rocky cliffs of the mountains have served as a fire barrier for them. The scientists also found dead firs that dated as far back as 1102 AD."</p><br>
<h2>Heliograph station</h2><br>
<p>Heliograph Peak was home to a 19th-century heliograph station.</p><br>
<h2>CCC</h2><br>
<p>The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) completed many projects in the 1930s. "Men from all over the country came to the area to work in numerous camps, several located on Mount Graham." Treasure Park and Columbine were used during the summer months, and Arcadia, Noon Creek and other sites were used during the winter months. "Many of the improvements at campgrounds, as well as hiking trails, roads and other facilities now enjoyed by many visitors to Mount Graham, were built by the CCC personnel."</p><br>
<p>One of their projects included the construction of a 99 ft steel framed lookout tower on Heliograph Peak to watch for fires in the Pinaleños and nearby mountain ranges including the Galiuros, Dos Cabezas, White Mountains, Gilas, Rincons and Santa Catalinas. The tower still stands as of 2006, however, most fire watching efforts in Arizona are conducted from the ground or by airplane.</p><br>
<h2>2004 fire</h2><br>
<p>In the summer of 2004 the Nuttall-Gibson complex burned over 30,000 acres (120 km²) in the Pinaleños. Monsoon rains helped firefighters in their efforts. The firefighting cost over $8.5 million and engaged over 800 firefighters. "Crews were able to prevent the fire from damaging the Mount Graham International Observatory and the cabins. There were only two structures damaged by the fires. A historic fire lookout was partially burned, and an electronic equipment storage shack was damaged Tuesday when the Gibson fire hit Heliograph Peak."</p><br>
<p>Arizona&#39;s Governor Janet Napolitano visited the area at the time of the fire. "This is a big, major fire, and it concerns us all," she said. Regarding her aerial tour, the governor said, "The fire looks a lot better today than it did a week ago. I flew over Mount Graham on July 4 and all I could see was smoke. Now, I can clearly see the perimeters the firefighters have been burning." Napolitano provided for inmate wildland fire crews to provide fire suppression and forest thinning services.</p><br>
<h2>Fragile ecosystem</h2><br>
<p>Because the Pinaleños are a sky island mountain range, they are by definition unique. The USA Forest Services claims that "prior to about 1870, the Pinaleños maintained healthy, resilient ecosystems that were adapted to naturally occurring fire regimes (primarily frequent, low-intensity wildfires)." They go on to explain that "After European settlement, the natural ecosystem processes were interrupted by passive (overgrazing) and active fire suppression, and harvest of large-diameter trees. The result is that today the forests are composed of overly dense, small-diameter trees and snags with excessive amounts of downed wood. The composition of the mixed-conifer forest between about 8,500 and 10,000 ft elevation has shifted from fire-adapted to fire-intolerant tree species."</p><br>
<h3>Potential threats from global climate change</h3><br>
<p>Because they are a fragile eco-system, even small climate changes can have a profound effect. With potentially larger climate changes underway, the ecology of the Pinaleños could be threatened. This is the interpretation of the Forest Service. In particular some view the fires of 2004 as an event possibly driven in part by global warming. The agency states that "global climate change and drought are helping to poise the Pinaleños for epidemic insect or disease outbreaks and catastrophic, stand-replacing fires. Indeed, both of these events have taken place in recent years. The flora and fauna have not evolved to tolerate these new conditions or catastrophic events, so there is a need to use silvicultural management and prescribed burning to begin to restore the natural balance in the remaining forests and woodlands."</p><br>
<h2>Mount Graham Observatory</h2><br>
<p>Sitting atop the highest mountain in the Pinaleños is Mount Graham International Observatory (MGIO), a division of the Steward Observatory primarily maintained by the University of Arizona. The observatory is home to some of the most sophisticated astronomical instruments and telescopes in the world.</p><br>
<h3>Home of world's most advanced telescope</h3><br>
<p>Upon completion (fall 2006) the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) will peer deeper into space than ever before, and with ten times the clarity of the Hubble Space Telescope. With unparalleled observational capability, astronomers will be able to view planets in distant solar systems, and detect and measure objects dating back to the beginning of time (14 billion years ago). The LBT is already partially operational.</p><br>
<h3>Controversy</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the observatory was authorized by the United States Congress in 1988. There were two sources of controversy related to the observatory.</p><br>
<p>First, some Native Americans, consider the site to be sacred. They argued that it was unacceptable to deface the sacred mountains with an observatory.</p><br>
<p>Second, some environmentalists worried that construction of the site would adversely affect the endangered population of the Mount Graham Red Squirrel. The Mount Graham subspecies was thought to have been extinct in the 1950s, but small numbers of squirrels were "rediscovered" in the 1970s. The squirrel was added to the federal endangered species list in 1987 by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service, when the estimated population in 1986 was fewer than 400. The Mount Graham subspecies has been isolated from other subspecies of red squirrels since the end of the Pleistocene glacial periods. It is still rather unclear if the Mt. Graham red squirrel is distinct or not from red squirrels elsewhere. Studies on genetic data are in progress.</p><br>
<p>Astronomers and other personnel working at the site have faced protests, threats of physical violence, and attempts at sabotage on the mountain. As a result of this conflict, a "squirrel permit" must be obtained by anyone visiting the observatory at a facility towards the base of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>The Swift trail</h2><br>
<p>The Swift Trail (Arizona Route 366) is a modern highway making the Pinaleños very accessible. The road is 36 mi long with 23 paved miles plus 13 mi of graded dirt. In the course of an afternoon you can experience climate zones you would see in a drive from Mexico to Canada. This switchbacking mountain road was named for T. T. Swift, the first supervisor of the Coronado National Forest. Initially just a trail, the route has been improved many times. Two notable eras of improvent came in the 1930s and the 1990s. The Arizona Department of Transportation celebrated the latest improvements on June 30, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks of the Pinaleños</h2><br>
<p>Mount Graham 10,720 ft (other sources say Mount Graham is 10,713 ft high).</p><br>
<p>Hawk Peak 10,627 ft</p><br>
<p>Plain View Peak 10,370 ft</p><br>
<p>Heliograph Peak 10,022 ft</p><br>
<p>Merrill Peak 9,288 ft</p><br>
<p>Ladybug Peak 8,780 ft</p><br>
<p>Greasewood Mountain 7,094 ft</p><br>
<p>The Spring Valley Presbyterian Church, also known as the Zena Church, in the community of Zena, is a Presbyterian congregation approximately 10 miles northwest of Salem, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>According to a commemorative plaque in front of the church, it was built in 1859 with volunteer labor. The lumber came by boat on the Willamette River to the community of Lincoln, while the bell came from England via Cape Horn.</p><br>
<p>Directly adjacent to the church is a small cemetery of approximately 100 headstones. Sunday church services and private weddings are still held at Spring Valley. Local families continue to bury their dead in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Aspropotamos  is a former municipality in the northwestern part of Evrytania, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Agrafa, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 125.954 km. Population 1,581 . The seat of the municipality was in Raptopoulo. Aetolia-Acarnania is to the west and the Karditsa regional unit to the north. Aspropotamos is located west-southwest of Karditsa, northwest of Karpenisi and north-northeast of Agrinio.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Aspropotamos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Kedra</p><br>
<p>Lepiana</p><br>
<p>Neo Argyri</p><br>
<p>Prasia</p><br>
<p>Raptopoulo</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Aspropotamos has a few schools, a lyceum (middle school), a gymnasium (secondary school) a few churches, banks, a post office.</p><br>
<p>Alykes  is a former municipality on the island of Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zakynthos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is situated along the northeastern coast of the island, about 10 km northwest of Zakynthos . It has a land area of 42.881 km&sup2; and a population of 5,203 . The seat of the municipality was in Katastari . The next largest towns in the municipality are Skoulikádo , Agios Dimitrios , Pigadákia , Alikanas , and Káto Gerakári .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Alykes is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agios Dimitrios (Agios Dimitrios, Drakas)</p><br>
<p>Alikanas</p><br>
<p>Ano Gerakari (Ano Gerakari, Alonia, Kastelia)</p><br>
<p>Katastari</p><br>
<p>Kallithea</p><br>
<p>Kato Gerakari</p><br>
<p>Meso Gerakari (Meso Gerakari, Psarou)</p><br>
<p>Pigadakia</p><br>
<p>Skoulikado</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Artemisia  is a former municipality on the island of Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zakynthos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is on the central west coast of the island. It has a land area of 104.890 km² and a 2011 census population of 4,612 inhabitants. Its municipal seat was the town of Machairado . Other large towns are Romiri , Lagopodo , Ágios Léontas , Lagkadákia , Koiliomenos , and Vougiáto .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Artemisia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agia Marina</p><br>
<p>Agioi Pantes</p><br>
<p>Agios Leontas (Agios Leontas, Fterini)</p><br>
<p>Fiolitis</p><br>
<p>Galaro</p><br>
<p>Gyri</p><br>
<p>Koiliomenos</p><br>
<p>Lagkadakia</p><br>
<p>Lagopodo</p><br>
<p>Loucha</p><br>
<p>Machairado</p><br>
<p>Romiri</p><br>
<p>Vougiato (Vougiato, Melinado)</p><br>
<p>St Breock Downs Monolith (or St Breock Longstone; Cornish: Men Gurta</p><br>
<p>) is the largest and heaviest prehistoric standing stone in Cornwall, England. It stands on the summit of St Breock Downs.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone is made from the local Devonian shale which has extensive feldspar veining, It stands on a low stone mound or cairn with a diameter of around 10 metres. It is believed to be Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age (around 2500-1500 BC).</p><br>
<p>It fell over in 1945, and was re-erected in 1956 after a small excavation had been carried out. The excavation showed that the stone stood in a setting of quartz pebbles below which were two small hollows. Similar hollows at other sites have been found to contain human bone or ashes.</p><br>
<p>The stone may have been associated with other Bronze Age ritual monuments in the area, including one other standing stone, and a series of barrows that extend up to 4 miles (7 km) to the west.</p><br>
<p>The stone is mentioned in antiquarian records as early as 1613, and was later adopted as a St Breock parish boundary marker. The site is now in the care of the Cornwall Heritage Trust on behalf of English Heritage.</p><br>
<p>Trethevy Quoit  is a well-preserved megalithic tomb that lies between St Cleer and Darite in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is known locally as "the giant&#39;s house". Standing 9 ft high, it consists of five standing stones capped by a large slab.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Trethevy Quoit is north of Liskeard in the hamlet of Tremar Coombe. Trethevy farmhouse is a Grade II* listed building. Nearby are The Hurlers, three stone circles dating from the late Bronze Age. The site is managed by the Cornwall Heritage Trust on behalf of English Heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Like other portal tombs of this type, Trethevy Quoit was originally covered by a mound. The remnants of this suggest a diameter of 6.5 metres. The remaining seven stones and the 3.7 m long and 10.5-ton cover slab were inside the mound. At the upper end of the cover slab is a natural hole, which may have been used for astronomical observation. The group of horizontal stones is composed of a fallen back wall, two side wall stones, which overlap, a front stone and a somewhat remote flanking stone. The special feature of Cornish portal graves is that by such stones sometimes a smaller partially closed area is created before the front end. Some stones have hole-like perforations as decoration. The front stone is often called an entrance stone, although in most portal graves this can not be moved. The Trevethy Quoit is a rare exception here, because a small rectangular stone moving at the bottom right of the front allows access to the grave chamber, which is now opened only very rarely. The back of the chamber has collapsed inwards and now forms a pile inside the chamber. Erected this stone would be about the height of the front stone, so that the cover slab would not have once been held-up by the side stones, but rested almost horizontal solely on the front stone and rear walls. However, there would have been between the support stones and the side walls a considerable gap, by which soil could have penetrated into the grave chamber. It is therefore likely that the collapse of the rear wall and the falling-down of the cover slab damaged the side stones.</p><br>
<h2>Studies</h2><br>
<p>Trethevy Quoit was first mentioned in 1584 by John Norden, in a topographical and historical account of Britain, but this account was first published in 1728. In the 19th century William Copeland Borlase studied the site and made drawings of it. From this study came the first conjectures on the overturned back wall and the earlier appearance of quoit. Hencken in 1932 wrote the first modern interpretation, in which he explained the special nature of the antechamber, and pointed out parallels to structures in Brittany. Recent excavations showed that this type of megalith was erected in the Neolithic period between 3700-3500 BC and such megaliths were used over a long period of time as community graves.</p><br>
<p>Lovells Island, or Lovell&#39;s Island, is a 62 acre island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, in Massachusetts. The island is across The Narrows from Georges Island and some 7 mi offshore of downtown Boston. It is named after Captain William Lovell, who was an early settler of nearby Dorchester. The island is known as the site of several shipwrecks, including the 74-gun French warship Magnifique in 1782.</p><br>
<p>In December 1786, a passenger boat carrying 13 people crashed off the shore of Lovells Island. Coming from Damariscotta, Maine, and destined for the Boston Harbor, the boat sank within swimming distance to the Harbor, and all aboard made it to shore. Without shelter or warmth and in the midst of a blizzard, 11 of the victims froze to death. One man, Theodore Kingsbury, made it through the night and was taken to the hospital in the morning where he was pronounced dead. Two of the victims aboard the ship, a Miss Sylvia Knapp and her fiancé (name unknown), were said to be found holding on to each other for warmth on top of a boulder, now dubbed "Lovers Rock". The Humane Society of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts constructed lifesaving huts in November 1787 around the harbor and the coast of Massachusetts, one on Lovells Island.</p><br>
<p>Lovells Island has had a succession of owners. In 1767, the town of Charlestown deeded the island to Elisha Leavitt Jr. of Hingham, Massachusetts, an infamous Tory who also owned Grape Island, where Leavitt later invited British forces to help themselves to his hay until they were chased off by patriots. Leavitts payment for Lovells Island was set aside to pay for the towns school.</p><br>
<p>Lovells Island was used by Native Americans for fishing, gardening and trading. Later uses included harvesting the island&#39;s timber, as a fishing station, as a residence for the keepers of Boston Light, and as a rabbit run. Once the home of the Lovells Island Range Lights, the island was a buoy tending station in the early 20th century and was fortified before and during World War I, with remains of Fort Standish, active 1902-1946, still visible.</p><br>
<p>Much of the vegetation on the islands results from an attempt in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps to reestablish a natural forest on the island, although this was largely cleared when the fort was reactivated during World War II. Left to recover after the war, the island&#39;s plant life now includes remnant patches of stands of poplar, pine and spruce, together with successional species such as staghorn sumac, black cherry, chokecherry, apple, and gray birch. Common shrubs include bayberry, beach plum, raspberry, Virginia rose and saltspray rose.</p><br>
<p>Today, Lovells Island is a popular camping island, with picnic areas and walking trails through its dunes and woods, together with a non-supervised swimming beach. On weekends and summer weekdays, it is served by a shuttle boat to and from Georges Island, connecting there with ferries to Boston and Quincy.</p><br>
<p>Figaleia  is a mountain village and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zacharo, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 89.175 km. In 2011 the population was 41 for the village and 1,371 for the municipal unit. The seat of the municipality was in Nea Figaleia. Figaleia is located south of Andritsaina, west of Megalopoli, north-northwest of Kalamata, northeast of Kyparissia and southeast of Pyrgos. Figaleia is located in mountainous southern Elis. The river Neda flows through the municipal unit. The name was taken from the ancient city-state of Phigaleia, which was located near the present village.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Figaleia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Figaleia</p><br>
<p>Kryoneri (Kryoneri, Trianta)</p><br>
<p>Nea Figaleia (Nea Figaleia, Faskomilia)</p><br>
<p>Perivolia</p><br>
<p>Petralona</p><br>
<p>Stomio</p><br>
<p>The Todd General Store is located 10 miles south of West Jefferson and 11 miles north of Boone, off Hwy 194, overlooking the South Fork of the New River, and on Railroad Grade Road, one of the most scenic bike routes in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Todd General Store is a contributing property in the Todd Historic District, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>According to Kirk Carrison of Preservation North Carolina, the Todd General Store is one of only five or six authentic general stores remaining in North Carolina. The Todd General Store is the oldest operating store in Ashe County and remains "the gathering place" for local residents where stories of days past are still swapped, relationships are built, and community spirit nourished.</p><br>
<h2>The Past</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1914, The Todd General Store (originally Cook Brothers General Store) was built by Walter and Monroe Cook in anticipation of the arrival of the Norfolk and Western "Virginia Creeper" railroad. Todd was the end of the line, the last of 13 stops for the train, which traveled from Abingdon, VA, to Todd&#39;s Elkland station twice a day.</p><br>
<p>Todd General Store carried a wide variety of general merchandise, clothing, shoes, hardware, food, feed, dried foraged herbs, and farm implements. Most of the items the store sold were brought in by train. It was one of nine stores that served a growing community that also included four doctors, a dentist, a Ford garage, a bank, grist mill, drug store, post office, train depot and four churches.</p><br>
<h3>W.G. Cook Store</h3><br>
<p>Walter bought out his brother&#39;s interest in 1917 and continued to operate the business as W.G. Cook Store. At that time most of the trade was conducted on the barter system, as money was scarce and almost non-existent in Todd prior to the arrival of the railroad. Ledgers were kept containing what was owed and what was traded. Customers would trade chickens, roots and herbs and other items of value for merchandise or receive "W.G. Cook" tokens that were only redeemable at this store. Many of the bartered items would then go to Virginia on the train.</p><br>
<p>The General Store was the center of the community and served all the shopping needs of the local residents. Customers would gather around the wood cookstove to swap stories and catch up on the town news. Most customers either rode horseback or walked. Only a select few could afford automobiles and the few roads that existed were full of potholes.</p><br>
<h3>The Lean Years</h3><br>
<p>The Norfolk & Western pulled up its tracks from Todd to West Jefferson between 1933 and 1936. This was also the time of the Great Depression and Todds businesses begun to close one by one. The W.G. Cook Store was the only store that survived through those lean years. Cook was the stores proprietor for 43 years before selling it to Kenny Goodman, who then changed the name to Goodman&#39;s Store.</p><br>
<h3>Goodmans Store</h3><br>
<p>Kenny Goodman ran a thriving general store business for some 20 years. During the last years of his tenure, he began to see the decline of the traditional general store. Automobiles became common place, new and better roads were built and chain grocery stores and department stores were constructed in Boone and West Jefferson. With this new accessibility to the outside world people began traveling to town to buy their goods. Mr. Goodman decided to sell the store that had been the center of trade for so many years.</p><br>
<h3>Three More Owners</h3><br>
<p>The store changed ownership four times during the next eight years. Goodman sold the store to Bob Peet who changed the name to the Todd General Store. Peet was unable to keep up with the changing demands and business declined. Peet sold it to Al and Carol Shelly who ran it for a couple of years before selling it to Dennis and Alice Dent, who operated it for another couple of years. During the proprietorship of these three owners, the stock was depleted as the decline of the rural country general store continued.</p><br>
<h3>The Morgans</h3><br>
<p>Joe and Sheila Morgan purchased the Todd General Store at the beginning of 1985 and operated the store for the next 17 years.</p><br>
<p>In the first few months, the Morgans undertook needed structural repairs to the building, constructed bathrooms, brought in running water, put in an extensive septic system, and built a parking lot. They searched for replacement fixtures and advertising memorabilia in an attempt to recapture the look of the General Store as it had been in its heyday. Advertising was done throughout the region to attract visitors to the store hoping that their visits would add an economic base to allow the business to remain open year-round to serve the local community&#39;s needs.</p><br>
<h3>The Mann's Store</h3><br>
<p>Robert and Virginia Mann purchased the store at the start of 2002 and provided more structural repairs and updated the stores arrangements, providing more seating for audiences of the stores many musical and cultural events, an internet station, and adding a new wooden deck to the back of the store. The store was closed in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>The Cook House</h2><br>
<p>The W.G. Cook house (built in 1916) served as the residence of the store owners until the Morgan purchase. In 1986, the house was converted to use as retail space offering antiques, crafts and collectibles. In 1994, the house was again converted into a rental residential property until December 2000.</p><br>
<p>Lake Pampulha  is an artificial lake located in Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It is also the name of an administrative region  of Belo Horizante, and the name of one of 29 neighborhoods  within the administrative region of the same name. The lake was built in the early 1940s during the mayoralty of Juscelino Kubitschek, later president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. Pampulha was created as a source of water for the city of Belo Horizonte, but quickly became polluted.</p><br>
<p>Lake Pampulha covers 2.6 km, has a volume of 14,000,000 m&sup3, and a drainage basin of 97 km&sup2;. It has a mean depth of 5.1 m and reaches a maximum depth of 16 m. The lake is fed by 8 small streams, the largest being the Sarandi and Ressaca. 424,000 residents live in the catchment area of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Many of Belo Horizonte&#39;s cultural landmarks are located around or close to the lake, including the Federal University of Minas Gerais, the soccer stadium Mineirão, the Mineirinho Arena, the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (designed by Oscar Niemeyer) and the Museum of Modern Art.</p><br>
<p>Kubitschek called on the architect Oscar Niemeyer to design a series of buildings around Lake Pampulha in 1941. These include the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, the Art Museum, the Casa de Baile ("house of dance", in a loose translation) and the Tennis Club. The Burle Marx gardens, paintings by Portinari and sculptures by Ceschiatti, Zamoiski and José Pedrosa complete and enhance the project conceived for the lake. The group of buildings and artwork became a reference point for the development of modern Brazilian art and architecture. In July 2016 the buildings designed by Niemeyer were named a UNESCO World Heritage site. Today these buildings offer visitors the chance to see the birth of modernism in Brazil, as Neimeyer&#39;s concepts and use of reinforced, curved concrete became a hallmark of the modernist movement around the world.</p><br>
<p>By the side of the lake are a number of leisure facilities such as the Governor Magalhães Pinto Stadium (better known as "Mineirão"), the Mineirinho gymnasium, the Botanical Gardens, the Zoo, the Ecological Park, the Equestrian Centre and tracks for cycling and walking.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental conditions</h2><br>
<p>Lake Pampulha suffers from pollution due to rapid urbanization of the catchment area, the discharge of untreated sewage from the surrounding neighborhoods in Belo Horizonte, and unabated erosion in many points of the drainage basin. Cyanobacterial blooms are a frequent occurrence.</p><br>
<p>Moore Island is an uninhabited island in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is a member of the Belcher Islands group in Hudson Bay. It lies in Churchill Sound between Kugong Island to its west and the Howard Peninsula of Flaherty Island to its east.</p><br>
<p>Other islands in the immediate vicinity include Ney Island and Renouf Island.</p><br>
<p>It is named in honor of Elwood S. Moore, Professor of Geology at Pennsylvania State University, and Fellow of the American Geographical Society.</p><br>
<p>There are three more Moore Islands within Nunavut.</p><br>
<p>In the Hopewell Islands, near Inukjuak, Quebec, between McCormack Island and Hopkins Island. It measures about 4 km along its longest axis.</p><br>
<p>In the Intrepid Passage, south of Bathurst Island. It measures about 2 km along its longest axis.</p><br>
<p>In the Boat Passage, on the northern side of Rupert Bay, an extension of Hudson Bay. It measures about 300 m along its longest axis.</p><br>
<p>Dovras  is a former municipality in Imathia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Veroia, of which it is a municipal unit. In 2011 its population was 5,313. Its area is 104.123 km. The seat of the municipality was in Agios Georgios. The municipality was created at the 1997 Kapodistrias reform. The road from Veroia to Edessa runs through Dovras. Its main industry is agriculture especially its peach production.</p><br>
<p>In the post-civil war time, there were built houses for young victims of the civil war by the Swiss, as well as founded manufacturies for vocational training (apprenticeship).</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Dovras is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agios Georgios</p><br>
<p>Agia Marina</p><br>
<p>Patrida (Patrida, Kali Panagia)</p><br>
<p>Trilofo</p><br>
<p>Fyteia (Fyteia, Agios Nikolaos, Kostochori, Lianovrochi)</p><br>
<p>Viannos  is a municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. The municipality has an area of 221.539 km&sup2;. Population 5,563 . The seat of the municipality is in Ano Viannos.</p><br>
<p>In September 1943, German occupation forces inflicted heavy loss of life and property on the region of Viannos in reprisal for its support of the Cretan resistance.</p><br>
<p>In late July 2012, the area was hit by wildfires which caused severe damage in crops and livestock.</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Viannos (Επαρχία Βιάννου) was one of the provinces of the Heraklion Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Viannos, except a few villages that were part of the province Pediada. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Episkopi  is a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Hersonissos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 45.500 km&sup2;. Population 2,291 .</p><br>
<p>Episkopi village is located 18 km southeast of Heraklion city and 8.5 km south of Kokkini Chani village, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality. The village has been inhabited since the Minoan era, as archaeological findings witness and lead to a long cultural history. The local population is involved in agriculture and animal productions, which as a result offer high quality olive oil and dairy products. Venetian monuments in the area include ‘‘the Tower’’, and churches from the Byzantine era, such as Agios Ioannis and Agia Paraskeui church that are decorated with frescoes. In the village is located the Argirakio Ethnological and War Museum that was founded by Michael Argirakis, presenting military, ethnological and historical exhibits.</p><br>
<h2>Main Villages in Municipal Unit of Episkopi</h2><br>
<h3>Aitania Village</h3><br>
<p>Aitania village is located on a hill west of Episkopi village, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality, and on the east of Karteros Potamos Valley with a northern view to the sea, at an altitude of 255 m. The population is approximately 319 inhabitants. Its churches and the landscape of the valley of Karteros Potamos, make it a destination for tourists. There are traditional cafes in the cobblestoned square of the village where orange trees, mulberry, oleanders and pomegranates grow. Churches include Agios Ioannis, Genesis of Theotokou and Agia Paraskeuh, all three of them dating to the 13th century.</p><br>
<h3>Galifa Village</h3><br>
<p>Galifa village is located 25 km southeast of Heraklion city, built on a flat spot on the hilltop next to Armeno hill and Kefalopoulo hill, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality. The village has views of surrounding landscape, mountains and a countryside with olive trees, aspalathous, faskomilies and prinous. The history of Galifa village starts in the Minoan era, proven by the ancient findings in the area. The village is known for its contribution of freedom fighters to every Greek liberation struggle and war as well as for the atrocities that German and Turkish occupants committed here. The local hospitality and their occupation in the agricultural and animal rearing sector, creates food products.</p><br>
<h3>Galipe Village</h3><br>
<p>Galipe village is located 21 km southeast of Heraklion city and 5 km from Gournes village, at an altitude of 280m the inland of Hersonissos Municipality. The village is built on a hill, with views especially on its north side. The square of the village is cobblestone paved and in the middle a small fountain, decorated with 4 stone statues of little lions. A number of ornamental plants and trees provide shade during the summer. The church of Koimishs of Theotokou was built in the 14th century and is decorated with frescoes. During the summer a number of events take place in the village and in its area, including one on 15 August, where locals and visitors, after a church ceremony, celebrate with traditional food, drinks, music and dance.</p><br>
<h3>Kainourgio Chorio Village</h3><br>
<p>Kainourgio Chorio village is located 18.5 km southeast of Heraklion city, and 4.8 km from Gournes village, at an altitude of 220 m in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality. It is a small settlement with experience in wine making, dating to the 16th century. Nowadays, local villagers are in agricultural production, producing wine and olive oil. In the square of the village there is a small fountain, and a bit further away stands the church of Panagia where the religious tradition of burning Judas take place at Easter. In the village the Wine Museum, exhibits traditional textiles, loom and a cellar with different kinds of wine. Other exhibits include facilities and machinery from the Venetian age. The Foskolo Tower and the Agia Anastasia church is built in a rock.</p><br>
<h3>Sgourokefali Village</h3><br>
<p>Sgourokefali village is located 18 km southeast of Heraklion city and 10 km from Gournes village, the inland of Hersonissos Municipality, at an altitude of 330 m. In the village, there is the church of Agia Triada, and frescoes decorate its inside and date to the middle 18th century. There is also a square in the village in which the Hrwo monument stands, a historical monument which honours WW2 heroes. Made of marble, the monument is dominated by a stone eagle. The fountain of the village is made of stone and decorated with ornamental plants. Just outside the village is the Gorge of Karteros. The gorge has a number of ponds and waterfalls along its route. During the summer time and 50 days exactly from the celebration of Easter, a celebration takes place in honour of Agia Triada, with a religious ceremony followed by the gathering in the square of the village.</p><br>
<h3>Skopela Village</h3><br>
<p>Skopela village is located 6.5 km south of Gournes village and 18 km southeast of Heraklion city, inland of Hersonissos Municipality, at an altitude of 280 m. The village square is decorated with flowers and trees that offer shade during the summer. In the middle of the square is a renovated well, which provided the water for the inhabitants. Agioi Pantes church, decorated by the Vrefokratousas and Pantokratoros frescoes is dated to the start of 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Stamnoi Village</h3><br>
<p>Stamnoi village is located 17 km southeast of Heraklion city and 7 km from Gournes village by the sea, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality and at an altitude of 290 m. The local residents produce olive oil, wine, grapes and raisins. There is a tower in the middle of the village, a two storied building with loopholes at its top. It is known to be the tower of a Venetian feudal lord of the area and in its yard is a triangle. The village square is decorated with mantels and ornamental plants and also with the Hrwo monument that was built in honours of the local war heroes, and it’s made of marble. During the summer time a number of events take place in the village, including on August 15 to celebrate the Panagia, the Virgin Mary, when locals and visitors come for a feast with traditional food, drinks, music and dancing.</p><br>
<h2>Other points of interest</h2><br>
<h3>Argirakeio Ethnological War Museum</h3><br>
<p>Argirakio Ethnological War Museum is located in the Municipal Unit of Episkopi, and houses a WW2 collection of the war spoils of its founder, Argirakis Michael. Its purpose is to rescue, preserve, exhibit and display objects of folklore and ethnological character. It houses military WW2 items as well as documents and photographs.</p><br>
<p>Zaros  is a village and a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Faistos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 71.803 km&sup2;. Population 2,953 . Zaros village, at an altitude of 340 metres, is a village with a lake and gorge nearby. The village has a couple of hotels and it is 44 km from Heraklion at the southern foothills of Mount Psiloritis. The population produce olive oil, sultanas, vegetables and spring water. There are a couple of tavernas that serve trout. Close by is Rouvas Gorge, which is part of the Psiloritis mountain range and is on the hiking route known as the E4 European Walking Path. Nearby Zaros village are traditional water mills which have been working since the 16th century, as well as archaeological sites and monasteries. Zaros is also famous for its bottled water derived from Lake Votomos.</p><br>
<h2>Zaros in literature</h2><br>
<p>In James Aldridge&#39;s 1944 novel of the escape of a Greek partisan and two Australian soldiers after the Battle of Crete The Sea Eagle, the three are befriended and shaved by a barber in Zaros ("Saros" in the text).</p><br>
<p>Thrapsano  is a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Minoa Pediada, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 37.292 km&sup2;. Population 2,334 .</p><br>
<p>Thrapsano village is located roughly 30 km. south-east of Heraklion and is at an altitude of 340m. It was a community until the 1998 "Kapodistria plan", when it became a municipal district of the municipality of Thrapsano.</p><br>
<p>The village is - at least on the island of Crete– well known and particularly to seniors because of the Ventema.</p><br>
<p>Ventema was the summer campaign and temporary installation in the various places of Crete, with earth ideal for pottery, and lots of woods for the furnus, until mid September, of Thrapsano potters, in teams, where they manufactured big jars called “pitharia” and other earthen vessels, because they are fragile and the transportation from the Thrapsano, to consumer&#39;s site is too risky with the transportation by donkeys and mules. A proverb says, "Everybody fears the God, and the Thrapsaniotis the walls."</p><br>
<p>Thrapsano is identified with pottery and particularly with the manufacture of “pitharia”, as its residents are considered descendants of the Minoan potters.</p><br>
<p>Traditionally therefore the Thrapsano resident “Thrapsaniotis” is identified even today with the potter and in particular with the name of “pitharas”.</p><br>
<p>Moires  is a town and a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Faistos, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 11,434 . The municipal unit has an area of 181.885 km&sup2;. The weekly market of the agricultural town of Moires is the largest in the region. In the early Middle Ages it was the home of Christian hermits, who allegedly met only once a year to worship at the chapel of Agios Andonis, built in the 14th or 15th century.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Moires is divided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Moires</p><br>
<p>Alithini</p><br>
<p>Antiskari</p><br>
<p>Galia</p><br>
<p>Kastelli</p><br>
<p>Kouses</p><br>
<p>Peri</p><br>
<p>Petrokefali</p><br>
<p>Pigaidakia (including Kaloi Limenes)</p><br>
<p>Pompia</p><br>
<p>Roufas</p><br>
<p>Skourvoula</p><br>
<p>Nea Alikarnassos  is a town and a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Heraklion, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 16.098 km. Population 14,635 . It is located on the north coast of the island and is served by the Nikos Kazantzakis International Airport. In the settlement of Prassas, the Minoan ruins of two houses were found.</p><br>
<p>Nea Alikarnassos was founded in 1925 as a public housing development to accommodate the refugees, who were displaced following the Greco-Turkish War.</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>The elections reveal a domination of the left wing. In the general elections of 2007 the distribution percentage of representatives were as follows: Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) 52.85% (2004: 54,54%), the conservative New Democracy 31,22% (2004: 33.84%), the Communist Party of Greece 8.97% (2004: 8.00%), the left Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) 3.15% (2004: 2.14%), the right Popular Orthodox Rally 1.61% (2004: 1.07%) and the Green Party 1.19%.</p><br>
<p>Evangelos Sisamakis (PASOK) was first elected mayor in 2003 and was reelected in 2006 with 63% of the votes in the first round.</p><br>
<p>Major problems and conflicts have been caused with gypsies and there are over 500 Roma peoples living in poverty stricken conditions in Nea Alikarnassos. They are engaged primarily in migrant trade such as furniture, clothing and vegetables. Their camps lacks infrastructure, electricity, and the sewage system and water supply is imperfect.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Sports</h3><br>
<p>The town of Nea Alikarnassos hosts the Greek football club P.A.S.A. Irodotos F.C., founded in 1932, with presence in Greek Football League 2 (Gamma Ethniki).</p><br>
<p>Koufonisi  is an uninhabited Greek islet, located 3 nautical miles south of cape Goudero on the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete, in the Libyan Sea. The island is roughly 6 km long and 5.5 km across. It has an entire surface area of 5.25 km². It forms a close group of islands with Makroulo, Marmaro, Strongyli, and Trachilos.</p><br>
<p>Ancient ruins cover the island and can be dated from the Minoan civilisation and the post-Byzantine era when some of the caves were used as chapels during Christian persecution by the Ottomans. Due to the wealth of archaeology the island has been described as "a little Dilos".</p><br>
<p>During the summer, the island is visited by tour boats from the port of Makrigialos approximately 18 km away.</p><br>
<h2>Sponge fishing and purple dye</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times Leuce was important for sponge fishing and for the production of a purple dye made from the gastropod Murex trunculus. The purple dye was a valuable commodity in ancient Greece and was worth its weight in solid silver.</p><br>
<h2>Roman ruins</h2><br>
<p>There are Roman ruins on the island including a theatre, that could seat 1,000 people, a temple, a villa with eight rooms, and a number of houses (probably the homes of fishermen). There are also remnants of the statue of a deity at the temple.</p><br>
<h2>Greek War of Independence</h2><br>
<p>In April 1823, 28 Cretan insurgents from the eastern part of Crete, under the chieftain Emmanouil Kozani, Emmanouil Alexi, and others boarded a small ship to go to Koufonisi at night where the notorious janissary Mehmet Pilavas and his 30 men were camped. The insurgents surrounded the jannisaries and a gunfight ensued where Pilavas and 27 of his men were killed. Only three of the jannisaries survived by hiding in crags in the rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse bombed during World War II</h2><br>
<p>There are also the remains of a lighthouse that was bombed by the Germans during the Second World War.</p><br>
